Introduction Placenta Cellules Souches Enrolling Treating Diseases Processing Pricing Diagnostic Kits
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الهدف جمع وحفظ الدم الكلفة أسئلة وتعليق الخلايا الجذعية
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Introduction Placenta Cellules Souches Enrolling Treating Diseases Processing Pricing Diagnostic Kits عربي الهدف جمع وحفظ الدم الكلفة أسئلة وتعليق الخلايا الجذعية
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Cord blood introduction Francis Bacon once wrote that science progresses by a succession of small steps through a fog through which even the keen sighted explorer can seldom see more than few paces ahead; occasionally, the fog lifts and an eminence is gained, and scientific truth gets kaleidoscopically rearranged into fact and fiction. In the year 1988, a 6-year-old boy from North Carolina with Fanconi anemia was transplanted with HLA-matched umbilical cord blood from his baby sister by Prof. Elaine Gluckman in Paris. Nobody at that time dreamt of the enormous possibilities of such an experimentation (Gluckman E, et al. Hematopoietic reconstitution in a patient with Fanconi’s anemia by means of umbilical cord blood from a HLAidentical sibling. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989;321:1174–1178). Most scientists and physicians were highly skeptical, doubting that a few ounces of cord blood contained sufficient stem and progenitor cells to rescue bone marrow after myeloablative therapy. However, this child engrafted without incident, and his blood, bone marrow, and immune system were fully regenerated with donor cells. He remains well and durably engrafted with donor cells 17 years following the original transplant. Since the first successful transplantation of umbilical cord blood in 1988, cord blood has become an important source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for the treatment of blood and genetic disorders. Significant progress has been accompanied by challenges for scientists, ethicists, and health policy makers. With the recent recognition of the need for a national system for the collection, banking, distribution, and use of cord blood and the increasing focus on cord blood as an alternative to embryos as a source of tissue for regenerative medicine, cord blood has garnered significant attention. Cells from cord blood have been shown to transdifferentiate into non-hematopoietic cells, including those of the brain, heart, liver,pancreas, bone, and cartilage, in tissue culture, and in animal systems (Porada GA, Porada C, Zanjani ED. The fetal sheep: a unique model system for assessing the full differentiative potential of human stem cells. Yonsei Med. J. 2004;45(Suppl):7–14). Recently, it has been demonstrated that both cardiac and glial cell differentiation of cord blood donor cells occurred in recipients of unrelated donor cord blood transplantation as part of a treatment regime for Krabbe disease and Sanfilippo syndrome (Hall J, Crapnell KB, Staba S, Kurtzberg J. Isolation of oligodendrocyte precursors from umbilical cord blood [abstract] Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2004;10:67.; Crapnell KB, Turner K, Hall JG, Staba SL, Kurtzberg J. Umbilical cord blood cells vii viii Preface engraft and differentiate in cardiac tissues after human transplantation [abstract] Blood. 2003 ;102:153b). These observations raise the possibility that cord blood may serve as a source of cells to facilitate tissue repair and regeneration in the future. While this is purely speculative at this time, developments over the next decade are expected to clarify the potential role of both allogeneic and autologous cord blood in this emerging field. Most of the work is this field has been with cord blood stem cells, which constitute only 0.01% of the nucleated cells in umbilical cord blood. The utility of the other cells which constitute 99.9% of umbilical cord whole blood has not been properly studied. Cord blood is a rich source of fetal hemoglobin, growth factor, cytokine-rich plasma as well as other nucleated cells, of which stem cells are an important constituent. Transfusion of blood and other blood products has made possible many of the advances of modern surgery. Without the ability to safely give blood during many of the complex surgical procedures that have saved countless lives, these procedures would not have succeeded. For the last 70 years since the publication of the report of Amberson, there have been global attempts to find a genuine blood substitute. In a report of the World Health Organization, it was revealed that there are about 500,000 pregnancy-related deaths globally, of which at least 25% maternal deaths are due to the loss of blood. An estimated 13 million units of blood worldwide are not tested against human immunodeficiency viruses or hepatitis viruses, and in some developing countries 80% of the blood supply comes from paid donors or replacement donors (family, friends, or acquaintances) even when the infected population is high. The current generation of blood substitutes can transport oxygen to tissues, and there are agents to replace platelets, plasma coagulation factors, and its various combinations. However, none of the attempts to provide a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier, be it from a human or a bovine source of hemoglobin, has passed through the Phase III clinical trials in the United States. Apart from this, there are other issues of forbidding costs and complications. It is a known fact that asceptically collected and properly screened human cord blood is pure, that is, free from bacteria, virus, protozoal contamination, in case of healthy newborn babies, as the cord blood passes through the finest biological sieve, i.e., the placenta. This blood has a much higher hemoglobin, platelet, and leukocyte content than adult whole blood. Additionally, it has a high concentration of cytokine/growth factors in its plasma, which eventually helps in the gene-switching mechanism after the birth of the baby. This blood also has a much higher oxygencarrying capacity, and hence, the transfusion of fetal hemoglobin-rich cord blood may lead to better tissue perfusion of oxygen (vol/vol) to the recipient’s tissue than an identical volume of adult whole blood. Patients with severe anemia, renal failure, and other conditions of low cardio-respiratory reserve or tissue hypoxic condition in any age group might benefit from cord blood transfusion. This is especially important in high-risk cases with varying degrees of bone marrow senescence or failure due to any etiology. Here, CD34 stem cell-rich umbilical cord whole blood transfusion has the potential to have an immediate benefit of better tissue oxygenation with an additional delayed benefit of possible engraftment of umbilical cord stem cells. These stem cells may prove capable of the rejuvenation of the bone marrow in case of structural or functional immunodeficiency as is the experience of transfusion in certain advanced cancers. Finally, another interesting aspect is the possibility of augmentation of surgical wound healing by the growth factor/cytokine-rich umbilical cord blood plasma, and use of cells from cord blood to coat synthetic grafts for reconstructive surgery, allowing their better adhesion.There is a famous saying which is also very practical, “All that glitters is not gold”. Only time will prove whether these are mere hype or a true reality. With over 100 million births globally each year, more than 40 million units (250 ml) of human umbilical cord blood are produced, the vast majority of which is totally discarded as trash.With the ethical constraints surrounding the use of embryonic and fetal-derived stem cell sources, human umbilical cord blood represents the world’s greatest untapped resource for interventional therapy. For More Information Contact: |
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Introduction Placenta Cellules Souches Enrolling Treating Diseases Processing Pricing Diagnostic Kits الهدف جمع وحفظ الدم الكلفة أسئلة وتعليق الخلايا الجذعية
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